There’s a class of medications that are primarily used for managing type 2 diabetes. What makes these medications impressive is that they not only help control blood sugar levels but at the same time they also support weight loss. Known as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists, these drugs have become very popular in the last decade due to their ability to aid in weight loss and blood sugar management. Let’s take a closer look at GLP-1 and its different functions in the body.
The Weight Loss Potential of GLP-1 Drugs
The amount of weight you will lose varies based on which specific GLP-1 drug you’re taking as well as the dosage. Research indicates that GLP-1 drugs can result in a weight loss of approximately 10.5 – 15.8 lbs (4.8 to 7.2 kg) with liraglutide while semaglutide has been found to help people lose up to 33.7 lbs (15.3 kg).
The Different Types of GLP-1 Agonists
GLP-1 agonists are usually administered via injections, either daily or weekly. The drugs under this class that are available in the market include:
- Exenatide (Byetta) Twice daily injection
- Semaglutide (Ozempic) Weekly injection
- Dulaglutide (Trulicity) Weekly injection
- Liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda) Daily injection
- Lixisenatide (Adlyxin) Daily injection
- Exenatide extended release (Bydureon BCise) Weekly injection
- Semaglutide (Rybelsus) Daily oral tablet
How GLP-1 Agonists Work
GLP-1 Agonist drugs mimic the hormone glucagon-like peptide 1. When you eat, your blood sugar rises. GLP-1 drugs stimulate your body to produce more insulin in order to lower your blood sugar level.
Although it’s clear that GLP-1 (hormone) and GLP-1 RAs (medications) help control blood sugar, the exact mechanism behind their ability to promote weight loss isn’t fully understood yet. However, they seem to reduce hunger and slow down the body’s digestive process, which will enable you to feel full sooner and for a longer period. This means you’ll eat less.
The GLP-1 Functions in the Body
To understand how GLP-1 agonists work, it’s helpful to first know how the naturally occurring GLP-1 hormone functions in your body. GLP-1 is produced in your small intestine and plays several crucial roles, namely:
It Stimulates Insulin Release.
GLP-1 prompts your pancreas to release insulin which is important for helping your body use the glucose from your food for energy. Without enough insulin, your blood sugar levels rise and this could result in diabetes.
It Blocks Glucagon Secretion.
GLP-1 prevents the release of glucagon, which is a hormone that raises blood sugar levels. In so doing, GLP-1 helps prevent excess glucose in the bloodstream.
It Slows Down Stomach Emptying.
The hormone slows down the digestion process, so is released into your bloodstream slowly.
It Increases Satiety.
GLP-1 affects areas within your brain that control fullness and hunger. It will result in you feeling fuller quickly.
How GLP-1 Agonist Medications Work
GLP-1 agonist medications mimic the GLP-1 hormone. In the medical world, the term “agonist” refers to a substance that binds to a cell receptor and triggers the same action as the natural substance, in this case, GLP-1. The GLP-1 medication attaches to GLP receptors and activates the effects of the hormone. Needless to say, the higher the dose, the more pronounced the effects.
For those with Type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 agonists help manage blood sugar levels by encouraging the pancreas to release more insulin. At the same time, the slower digestion process prevents spikes in blood sugar.
Additional Benefits and Risks of GLP-1 Agonists
Aside from weight loss and blood sugar control, GLP-1 may offer other significant health benefits. According to research these medications could lower the risk of heart-related issues like heart failure, kidney disease and even stroke. Researchers have also found improvements in blood pressure and cholesterol levels. It’s unclear though if these benefits are directly due to the medications or the weight loss that result in taking them.
Now for the risks – GLP-1 drugs have potential side effects, some of which can be serious. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Taking the drug could also lead to low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) which can be dangerous especially if you’re taking drugs for lowering blood sugar level such as insulin.
GLP-1 drugs are not recommended for people with a personal or family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia or medullary thyroid cancer as lab studies have shown a risk of thyroid tumors in rats. It’s also not advisable for individuals who have had pancreatitis previously.
Special Considerations If You’re Planning to Take GLP-1 Drugs
If you believe any of these medications might help you, it’s important to consult your doctor so they can discuss with you the proper medication to use, along with the correct dosage, frequency and duration of use, as well as any precautions you need to take.